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1.16
User Documentation for Apache MADlib
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1.16
User Documentation for Apache MADlib
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This module allows you to use SQL to call deep learning models designed in Keras [1], which is a high-level neural network API written in Python. Keras was developed for fast experimentation. It can run on top of different backends and the one that is currently supported by MADlib is TensorFlow [2]. The implementation in MADlib is distributed and designed to train a single large model across multiple segments (workers) in a Greenplum database. PostgreSQL is also supported.
The main use case is image classification using sequential models, which are made up of a linear stack of layers. This includes multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Regression is not currently supported.
Before using Keras in MADlib you will need to mini-batch your training and evaluation datasets by calling the Preprocessor for Images which is a utility that prepares image data for use by models that support mini-batch as an optimization option. This is a one-time operation and you would only need to re-run the preprocessor if your input data has changed. The advantage of using mini-batching is that it can perform better than stochastic gradient descent because it uses more than one training example at a time, typically resulting faster and smoother convergence [3].
madlib_keras_fit(
source_table,
model,
model_arch_table,
model_arch_id,
compile_params,
fit_params,
num_iterations,
gpus_per_host,
validation_table,
metrics_compute_frequency,
warm_start,
name,
description
)
Arguments
TEXT. Name of the table containing the training data. This is the name of the output table from the image preprocessor. Independent and dependent variables are specified in the preprocessor step which is why you do not need to explictly state them here as part of the fit function.
TEXT. Name of the output table containing the model. Details of the output table are shown below.
TEXT. Name of the table containing the model architecture and (optionally) initial weights to use for training.
INTEGER. This is the id in 'model_arch_table' containing the model architecture and (optionally) initial weights to use for training.
TEXT. Parameters passed to the compile method of the Keras model class [4]. These parameters will be passed through as is so they must conform to the Keras API definition. As an example, you might use something like: loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['acc']. The mandatory parameters that must be specified are 'optimizer' and 'loss'. Others are optional and will use the default values as per Keras if not specified here. Also, when specifying 'loss' and 'metrics' do not include the module and submodule prefixes like loss='losses.categorical_crossentropy' or optimizer='keras.optmizers.adam'.
TEXT. Parameters passed to the fit method of the Keras model class [4]. These will be passed through as is so they must conform to the Keras API definition. As an example, you might use something like: batch_size=128, epochs=4. There are no mandatory parameters so if you specify NULL, it will use all default values as per Keras.
INTEGER. Number of iterations to train.
INTEGER, default: 0 (i.e., CPU). Number of GPUs per segment host to be used for training the neural network. For example, if you specify 4 for this parameter and your database cluster is set up to have 4 segments per segment host, it means that each segment will have a dedicated GPU. A value of 0 means that CPUs, not GPUs, will be used for training.
TEXT, default: none. Name of the table containing the validation dataset. Note that the validation dataset must be preprocessed in the same way as the training dataset, so this is the name of the output table from running the image preprocessor on the validation dataset. Using a validation dataset can mean a longer training time, depending on its size. This can be controlled using the 'metrics_compute_frequency' paremeter described below.
INTEGER, default: once at the end of training after 'num_iterations'. Frequency to compute per-iteration metrics for the training dataset and validation dataset (if specified). There can be considerable cost to computing metrics every iteration, especially if the training dataset is large. This parameter is a way of controlling the frequency of those computations. For example, if you specify 5, then metrics will be computed every 5 iterations as well as at the end of training after 'num_iterations'. If you use the default, metrics will be computed only once after 'num_iterations' have completed.
BOOLEAN, default: FALSE. Initalize weights with the coefficients from the last call of the fit function. If set to TRUE, weights will be initialized from the model table generated by the previous training run.
TEXT, default: NULL. Free text string to identify a name, if desired.
Output tables
The model table produced by fit contains the following columns:
| model_data | BYTEA8. Byte array containing the weights of the neural net. |
|---|---|
| model_arch | TEXT. A JSON representation of the model architecture used in training. |
A summary table named <model>_summary is also created, which has the following columns:
| source_table | Source table used for training. |
|---|---|
| model | Model output table produced by training. |
| independent_varname | Independent variables column from the original source table in the image preprocessing step. |
| dependent_varname | Dependent variable column from the original source table in the image preprocessing step. |
| model_arch_table | Name of the table containing the model architecture and (optionally) the initial model weights. |
| model_arch_table_id | The id of the model in the model architecture table used for training. |
| compile_params | Compile parameters passed to Keras. |
| fit_params | Fit parameters passed to Keras. |
| num_iterations | Number of iterations of training completed. |
| validation_table | Name of the table containing the validation dataset (if specified). |
| metrics_compute_frequency | Frequency that per-iteration metrics are computed for the training dataset and validation dataset. |
| name | Name of the training run (free text). |
| description | Description of the training run (free text). |
| model_type | General identifier for type of model trained. Currently says 'madlib_keras'. |
| model_size | Size of the model in KB. Models are stored in 'bytea' data format which is used for binary strings in PostgreSQL type databases. |
| start_training_time | Timestamp for start of training. |
| end_training_time | Timestamp for end of training. |
| metrics_elapsed_time | Array of elapsed time for metric computations as per the 'metrics_compute_frequency' parameter. Useful for drawing a curve showing loss, accuracy or other metrics as a function of time. For example, if 'metrics_compute_frequency=5' this would be an array of elapsed time for every 5th iteration, plus the last iteration. |
| madlib_version | Version of MADlib used. |
| num_classes | Count of distinct classes values used. |
| class_values | Array of actual class values used. |
| dependent_vartype | Data type of the dependent variable. |
| normalizing_constant | Normalizing constant used from the image preprocessing step. |
| metrics_type | Metric specified in the 'compile_params'. |
| training_metrics_final | Final value of the training metric after all iterations have completed. The metric reported is the one specified in the 'metrics_type' parameter. |
| training_loss_final | Final value of the training loss after all iterations have completed. |
| training_metrics | Array of training metrics as per the 'metrics_compute_frequency' parameter. For example, if 'metrics_compute_frequency=5' this would be an array of metrics for every 5th iteration, plus the last iteration. |
| training_loss | Array of training losses as per the 'metrics_compute_frequency' parameter. For example, if 'metrics_compute_frequency=5' this would be an array of losses for every 5th iteration, plus the last iteration. |
| validation_metrics_final | Final value of the validation metric after all iterations have completed. The metric reported is the one specified in the 'metrics_type' parameter. |
| validation_loss_final | Final value of the validation loss after all iterations have completed. |
| validation_metrics | Array of validation metrics as per the 'metrics_compute_frequency' parameter. For example, if 'metrics_compute_frequency=5' this would be an array of metrics for every 5th iteration, plus the last iteration. |
| validation_loss | Array of validation losses as per the 'metrics_compute_frequency' parameter. For example, if 'metrics_compute_frequency=5' this would be an array of losses for every 5th iteration, plus the last iteration. |
| metrics_iters | Array indicating the iterations for which metrics are calculated, as derived from the parameters 'num_iterations' and 'metrics_compute_frequency'. For example, if 'num_iterations=5' and 'metrics_compute_frequency=2', then 'metrics_iters' value would be {2,4,5} indicating that metrics were computed at iterations 2, 4 and 5 (at the end). If 'num_iterations=5' and 'metrics_compute_frequency=1', then 'metrics_iters' value would be {1,2,3,4,5} indicating that metrics were computed at every iteration. |
madlib_keras_evaluate(
model_table,
test_table,
output_table,
gpus_per_host
)
Arguments
TEXT. Name of the table containing the model to use for validation.
TEXT. Name of the table containing the evaluation dataset. Note that test/validation data must be preprocessed in the same way as the training dataset, so this is the name of the output table from the image preprocessor. Independent and dependent variables are specified in the preprocessor step which is why you do not need to explictly state them here as part of the fit function.
| loss | Loss value on evaluation dataset. |
|---|---|
| metric | Metric value on evaluation dataset, where 'metrics_type' below identifies the type of metric. |
| metrics_type | Type of metric used that was used in the training step. |
INTEGER, default: 0 (i.e., CPU). Number of GPUs per segment host to be used for training the neural network. For example, if you specify 4 for this parameter and your database cluster is set up to have 4 segments per segment host, it means that each segment will have a dedicated GPU. A value of 0 means that CPUs, not GPUs, will be used for training.
madlib_keras_predict(
model_table,
test_table,
id_col,
independent_varname,
output_table,
pred_type,
gpus_per_host
)
Arguments
TEXT. Name of the table containing the model to use for prediction.
TEXT. Name of the table containing the dataset to predict on. Note that test data is not preprocessed (unlike fit and evaluate) so put one test image per row for prediction. Also see the comment below for the 'independent_varname' parameter regarding normalization.
TEXT. Name of the id column in the test data table.
TEXT. Column with independent variables in the test table. If a 'normalizing_const' is specified when preprocessing the training dataset, this same normalization will be applied to the independent variables used in predict.
| id | Gives the 'id' for each prediction, corresponding to each row from the test_table. |
|---|---|
| estimated_COL_NAME | (For pred_type='response') The estimated class for classification, where COL_NAME is the name of the column to be predicted from test data. |
| prob_CLASS | (For pred_type='prob' for classification) The probability of a given class. There will be one column for each class in the training data. |
TEXT, default: 'response'. The type of output desired, where 'response' gives the actual prediction and 'prob' gives the probability value for each class.
INTEGER, default: 0 (i.e., CPU). Number of GPUs per segment host to be used for training the neural network. For example, if you specify 4 for this parameter and your database cluster is set up to have 4 segments per segment host, it means that each segment will have a dedicated GPU. A value of 0 means that CPUs, not GPUs, will be used for training.
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS iris_data;
CREATE TABLE iris_data(
id serial,
attributes numeric[],
class_text varchar
);
INSERT INTO iris_data(id, attributes, class_text) VALUES
(1,ARRAY[5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(2,ARRAY[4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(3,ARRAY[4.7,3.2,1.3,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(4,ARRAY[4.6,3.1,1.5,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(5,ARRAY[5.0,3.6,1.4,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(6,ARRAY[5.4,3.9,1.7,0.4],'Iris-setosa'),
(7,ARRAY[4.6,3.4,1.4,0.3],'Iris-setosa'),
(8,ARRAY[5.0,3.4,1.5,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(9,ARRAY[4.4,2.9,1.4,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(10,ARRAY[4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1],'Iris-setosa'),
(11,ARRAY[5.4,3.7,1.5,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(12,ARRAY[4.8,3.4,1.6,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(13,ARRAY[4.8,3.0,1.4,0.1],'Iris-setosa'),
(14,ARRAY[4.3,3.0,1.1,0.1],'Iris-setosa'),
(15,ARRAY[5.8,4.0,1.2,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(16,ARRAY[5.7,4.4,1.5,0.4],'Iris-setosa'),
(17,ARRAY[5.4,3.9,1.3,0.4],'Iris-setosa'),
(18,ARRAY[5.1,3.5,1.4,0.3],'Iris-setosa'),
(19,ARRAY[5.7,3.8,1.7,0.3],'Iris-setosa'),
(20,ARRAY[5.1,3.8,1.5,0.3],'Iris-setosa'),
(21,ARRAY[5.4,3.4,1.7,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(22,ARRAY[5.1,3.7,1.5,0.4],'Iris-setosa'),
(23,ARRAY[4.6,3.6,1.0,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(24,ARRAY[5.1,3.3,1.7,0.5],'Iris-setosa'),
(25,ARRAY[4.8,3.4,1.9,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(26,ARRAY[5.0,3.0,1.6,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(27,ARRAY[5.0,3.4,1.6,0.4],'Iris-setosa'),
(28,ARRAY[5.2,3.5,1.5,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(29,ARRAY[5.2,3.4,1.4,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(30,ARRAY[4.7,3.2,1.6,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(31,ARRAY[4.8,3.1,1.6,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(32,ARRAY[5.4,3.4,1.5,0.4],'Iris-setosa'),
(33,ARRAY[5.2,4.1,1.5,0.1],'Iris-setosa'),
(34,ARRAY[5.5,4.2,1.4,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(35,ARRAY[4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1],'Iris-setosa'),
(36,ARRAY[5.0,3.2,1.2,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(37,ARRAY[5.5,3.5,1.3,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(38,ARRAY[4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1],'Iris-setosa'),
(39,ARRAY[4.4,3.0,1.3,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(40,ARRAY[5.1,3.4,1.5,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(41,ARRAY[5.0,3.5,1.3,0.3],'Iris-setosa'),
(42,ARRAY[4.5,2.3,1.3,0.3],'Iris-setosa'),
(43,ARRAY[4.4,3.2,1.3,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(44,ARRAY[5.0,3.5,1.6,0.6],'Iris-setosa'),
(45,ARRAY[5.1,3.8,1.9,0.4],'Iris-setosa'),
(46,ARRAY[4.8,3.0,1.4,0.3],'Iris-setosa'),
(47,ARRAY[5.1,3.8,1.6,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(48,ARRAY[4.6,3.2,1.4,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(49,ARRAY[5.3,3.7,1.5,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(50,ARRAY[5.0,3.3,1.4,0.2],'Iris-setosa'),
(51,ARRAY[7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4],'Iris-versicolor'),
(52,ARRAY[6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5],'Iris-versicolor'),
(53,ARRAY[6.9,3.1,4.9,1.5],'Iris-versicolor'),
(54,ARRAY[5.5,2.3,4.0,1.3],'Iris-versicolor'),
(55,ARRAY[6.5,2.8,4.6,1.5],'Iris-versicolor'),
(56,ARRAY[5.7,2.8,4.5,1.3],'Iris-versicolor'),
(57,ARRAY[6.3,3.3,4.7,1.6],'Iris-versicolor'),
(58,ARRAY[4.9,2.4,3.3,1.0],'Iris-versicolor'),
(59,ARRAY[6.6,2.9,4.6,1.3],'Iris-versicolor'),
(60,ARRAY[5.2,2.7,3.9,1.4],'Iris-versicolor'),
(61,ARRAY[5.0,2.0,3.5,1.0],'Iris-versicolor'),
(62,ARRAY[5.9,3.0,4.2,1.5],'Iris-versicolor'),
(63,ARRAY[6.0,2.2,4.0,1.0],'Iris-versicolor'),
(64,ARRAY[6.1,2.9,4.7,1.4],'Iris-versicolor'),
(65,ARRAY[5.6,2.9,3.6,1.3],'Iris-versicolor'),
(66,ARRAY[6.7,3.1,4.4,1.4],'Iris-versicolor'),
(67,ARRAY[5.6,3.0,4.5,1.5],'Iris-versicolor'),
(68,ARRAY[5.8,2.7,4.1,1.0],'Iris-versicolor'),
(69,ARRAY[6.2,2.2,4.5,1.5],'Iris-versicolor'),
(70,ARRAY[5.6,2.5,3.9,1.1],'Iris-versicolor'),
(71,ARRAY[5.9,3.2,4.8,1.8],'Iris-versicolor'),
(72,ARRAY[6.1,2.8,4.0,1.3],'Iris-versicolor'),
(73,ARRAY[6.3,2.5,4.9,1.5],'Iris-versicolor'),
(74,ARRAY[6.1,2.8,4.7,1.2],'Iris-versicolor'),
(75,ARRAY[6.4,2.9,4.3,1.3],'Iris-versicolor'),
(76,ARRAY[6.6,3.0,4.4,1.4],'Iris-versicolor'),
(77,ARRAY[6.8,2.8,4.8,1.4],'Iris-versicolor'),
(78,ARRAY[6.7,3.0,5.0,1.7],'Iris-versicolor'),
(79,ARRAY[6.0,2.9,4.5,1.5],'Iris-versicolor'),
(80,ARRAY[5.7,2.6,3.5,1.0],'Iris-versicolor'),
(81,ARRAY[5.5,2.4,3.8,1.1],'Iris-versicolor'),
(82,ARRAY[5.5,2.4,3.7,1.0],'Iris-versicolor'),
(83,ARRAY[5.8,2.7,3.9,1.2],'Iris-versicolor'),
(84,ARRAY[6.0,2.7,5.1,1.6],'Iris-versicolor'),
(85,ARRAY[5.4,3.0,4.5,1.5],'Iris-versicolor'),
(86,ARRAY[6.0,3.4,4.5,1.6],'Iris-versicolor'),
(87,ARRAY[6.7,3.1,4.7,1.5],'Iris-versicolor'),
(88,ARRAY[6.3,2.3,4.4,1.3],'Iris-versicolor'),
(89,ARRAY[5.6,3.0,4.1,1.3],'Iris-versicolor'),
(90,ARRAY[5.5,2.5,4.0,1.3],'Iris-versicolor'),
(91,ARRAY[5.5,2.6,4.4,1.2],'Iris-versicolor'),
(92,ARRAY[6.1,3.0,4.6,1.4],'Iris-versicolor'),
(93,ARRAY[5.8,2.6,4.0,1.2],'Iris-versicolor'),
(94,ARRAY[5.0,2.3,3.3,1.0],'Iris-versicolor'),
(95,ARRAY[5.6,2.7,4.2,1.3],'Iris-versicolor'),
(96,ARRAY[5.7,3.0,4.2,1.2],'Iris-versicolor'),
(97,ARRAY[5.7,2.9,4.2,1.3],'Iris-versicolor'),
(98,ARRAY[6.2,2.9,4.3,1.3],'Iris-versicolor'),
(99,ARRAY[5.1,2.5,3.0,1.1],'Iris-versicolor'),
(100,ARRAY[5.7,2.8,4.1,1.3],'Iris-versicolor'),
(101,ARRAY[6.3,3.3,6.0,2.5],'Iris-virginica'),
(102,ARRAY[5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9],'Iris-virginica'),
(103,ARRAY[7.1,3.0,5.9,2.1],'Iris-virginica'),
(104,ARRAY[6.3,2.9,5.6,1.8],'Iris-virginica'),
(105,ARRAY[6.5,3.0,5.8,2.2],'Iris-virginica'),
(106,ARRAY[7.6,3.0,6.6,2.1],'Iris-virginica'),
(107,ARRAY[4.9,2.5,4.5,1.7],'Iris-virginica'),
(108,ARRAY[7.3,2.9,6.3,1.8],'Iris-virginica'),
(109,ARRAY[6.7,2.5,5.8,1.8],'Iris-virginica'),
(110,ARRAY[7.2,3.6,6.1,2.5],'Iris-virginica'),
(111,ARRAY[6.5,3.2,5.1,2.0],'Iris-virginica'),
(112,ARRAY[6.4,2.7,5.3,1.9],'Iris-virginica'),
(113,ARRAY[6.8,3.0,5.5,2.1],'Iris-virginica'),
(114,ARRAY[5.7,2.5,5.0,2.0],'Iris-virginica'),
(115,ARRAY[5.8,2.8,5.1,2.4],'Iris-virginica'),
(116,ARRAY[6.4,3.2,5.3,2.3],'Iris-virginica'),
(117,ARRAY[6.5,3.0,5.5,1.8],'Iris-virginica'),
(118,ARRAY[7.7,3.8,6.7,2.2],'Iris-virginica'),
(119,ARRAY[7.7,2.6,6.9,2.3],'Iris-virginica'),
(120,ARRAY[6.0,2.2,5.0,1.5],'Iris-virginica'),
(121,ARRAY[6.9,3.2,5.7,2.3],'Iris-virginica'),
(122,ARRAY[5.6,2.8,4.9,2.0],'Iris-virginica'),
(123,ARRAY[7.7,2.8,6.7,2.0],'Iris-virginica'),
(124,ARRAY[6.3,2.7,4.9,1.8],'Iris-virginica'),
(125,ARRAY[6.7,3.3,5.7,2.1],'Iris-virginica'),
(126,ARRAY[7.2,3.2,6.0,1.8],'Iris-virginica'),
(127,ARRAY[6.2,2.8,4.8,1.8],'Iris-virginica'),
(128,ARRAY[6.1,3.0,4.9,1.8],'Iris-virginica'),
(129,ARRAY[6.4,2.8,5.6,2.1],'Iris-virginica'),
(130,ARRAY[7.2,3.0,5.8,1.6],'Iris-virginica'),
(131,ARRAY[7.4,2.8,6.1,1.9],'Iris-virginica'),
(132,ARRAY[7.9,3.8,6.4,2.0],'Iris-virginica'),
(133,ARRAY[6.4,2.8,5.6,2.2],'Iris-virginica'),
(134,ARRAY[6.3,2.8,5.1,1.5],'Iris-virginica'),
(135,ARRAY[6.1,2.6,5.6,1.4],'Iris-virginica'),
(136,ARRAY[7.7,3.0,6.1,2.3],'Iris-virginica'),
(137,ARRAY[6.3,3.4,5.6,2.4],'Iris-virginica'),
(138,ARRAY[6.4,3.1,5.5,1.8],'Iris-virginica'),
(139,ARRAY[6.0,3.0,4.8,1.8],'Iris-virginica'),
(140,ARRAY[6.9,3.1,5.4,2.1],'Iris-virginica'),
(141,ARRAY[6.7,3.1,5.6,2.4],'Iris-virginica'),
(142,ARRAY[6.9,3.1,5.1,2.3],'Iris-virginica'),
(143,ARRAY[5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9],'Iris-virginica'),
(144,ARRAY[6.8,3.2,5.9,2.3],'Iris-virginica'),
(145,ARRAY[6.7,3.3,5.7,2.5],'Iris-virginica'),
(146,ARRAY[6.7,3.0,5.2,2.3],'Iris-virginica'),
(147,ARRAY[6.3,2.5,5.0,1.9],'Iris-virginica'),
(148,ARRAY[6.5,3.0,5.2,2.0],'Iris-virginica'),
(149,ARRAY[6.2,3.4,5.4,2.3],'Iris-virginica'),
(150,ARRAY[5.9,3.0,5.1,1.8],'Iris-virginica');
Create a test/validation dataset from the training data:
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS iris_train, iris_test;
-- Set seed so results are reproducible
SELECT setseed(0);
SELECT madlib.train_test_split('iris_data', -- Source table
'iris', -- Output table root name
0.8, -- Train proportion
NULL, -- Test proportion (0.2)
NULL, -- Strata definition
NULL, -- Output all columns
NULL, -- Sample without replacement
TRUE -- Separate output tables
);
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM iris_train;
count ------+ 120
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS mlp_prediction;
\x off
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS iris_train_packed, iris_train_packed_summary;
SELECT madlib.training_preprocessor_dl('iris_train', -- Source table
'iris_train_packed', -- Output table
'class_text', -- Dependent variable
'attributes' -- Independent variable
);
SELECT * FROM iris_train_packed_summary;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------+---------------------------------------------
source_table | iris_train
output_table | iris_train_packed
dependent_varname | class_text
independent_varname | attributes
dependent_vartype | character varying
class_values | {Iris-setosa,Iris-versicolor,Iris-virginica}
buffer_size | 60
normalizing_const | 1.0
num_classes | 3
For the validation dataset:
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS iris_test_packed, iris_test_packed_summary;
SELECT madlib.validation_preprocessor_dl('iris_test', -- Source table
'iris_test_packed', -- Output table
'class_text', -- Dependent variable
'attributes', -- Independent variable
'iris_train_packed' -- From training preprocessor step
);
SELECT * FROM iris_test_packed_summary;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------+---------------------------------------------
source_table | iris_test
output_table | iris_test_packed
dependent_varname | class_text
independent_varname | attributes
dependent_vartype | character varying
class_values | {Iris-setosa,Iris-versicolor,Iris-virginica}
buffer_size | 15
normalizing_const | 1.0
num_classes | 3
import keras from keras.models import Sequential from keras.layers import Dense model_simple = Sequential() model_simple.add(Dense(10, activation='relu', input_shape=(4,))) model_simple.add(Dense(10, activation='relu')) model_simple.add(Dense(3, activation='softmax')) model_simple.summary()Export the model to JSON:_________________________________________________________________ Layer (type) Output Shape Param # ================================================================= dense_1 (Dense) (None, 10) 50 _________________________________________________________________ dense_2 (Dense) (None, 10) 110 _________________________________________________________________ dense_3 (Dense) (None, 3) 33 ================================================================= Total params: 193 Trainable params: 193 Non-trainable params: 0
model_simple.to_json()
'{"class_name": "Sequential", "keras_version": "2.1.6", "config": [{"class_name": "Dense", "config": {"kernel_initializer": {"class_name": "VarianceScaling", "config": {"distribution": "uniform", "scale": 1.0, "seed": null, "mode": "fan_avg"}}, "name": "dense_1", "kernel_constraint": null, "bias_regularizer": null, "bias_constraint": null, "dtype": "float32", "activation": "relu", "trainable": true, "kernel_regularizer": null, "bias_initializer": {"class_name": "Zeros", "config": {}}, "units": 10, "batch_input_shape": [null, 4], "use_bias": true, "activity_regularizer": null}}, {"class_name": "Dense", "config": {"kernel_initializer": {"class_name": "VarianceScaling", "config": {"distribution": "uniform", "scale": 1.0, "seed": null, "mode": "fan_avg"}}, "name": "dense_2", "kernel_constraint": null, "bias_regularizer": null, "bias_constraint": null, "activation": "relu", "trainable": true, "kernel_regularizer": null, "bias_initializer": {"class_name": "Zeros", "config": {}}, "units": 10, "use_bias": true, "activity_regularizer": null}}, {"class_name": "Dense", "config": {"kernel_initializer": {"class_name": "VarianceScaling", "config": {"distribution": "uniform", "scale": 1.0, "seed": null, "mode": "fan_avg"}}, "name": "dense_3", "kernel_constraint": null, "bias_regularizer": null, "bias_constraint": null, "activation": "softmax", "trainable": true, "kernel_regularizer": null, "bias_initializer": {"class_name": "Zeros", "config": {}}, "units": 3, "use_bias": true, "activity_regularizer": null}}], "backend": "tensorflow"}'
Load into model architecture table:
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS model_arch_library;
SELECT madlib.load_keras_model('model_arch_library', -- Output table,
$$
{"class_name": "Sequential", "keras_version": "2.1.6", "config": [{"class_name": "Dense", "config": {"kernel_initializer": {"class_name": "VarianceScaling", "config": {"distribution": "uniform", "scale": 1.0, "seed": null, "mode": "fan_avg"}}, "name": "dense_1", "kernel_constraint": null, "bias_regularizer": null, "bias_constraint": null, "dtype": "float32", "activation": "relu", "trainable": true, "kernel_regularizer": null, "bias_initializer": {"class_name": "Zeros", "config": {}}, "units": 10, "batch_input_shape": [null, 4], "use_bias": true, "activity_regularizer": null}}, {"class_name": "Dense", "config": {"kernel_initializer": {"class_name": "VarianceScaling", "config": {"distribution": "uniform", "scale": 1.0, "seed": null, "mode": "fan_avg"}}, "name": "dense_2", "kernel_constraint": null, "bias_regularizer": null, "bias_constraint": null, "activation": "relu", "trainable": true, "kernel_regularizer": null, "bias_initializer": {"class_name": "Zeros", "config": {}}, "units": 10, "use_bias": true, "activity_regularizer": null}}, {"class_name": "Dense", "config": {"kernel_initializer": {"class_name": "VarianceScaling", "config": {"distribution": "uniform", "scale": 1.0, "seed": null, "mode": "fan_avg"}}, "name": "dense_3", "kernel_constraint": null, "bias_regularizer": null, "bias_constraint": null, "activation": "softmax", "trainable": true, "kernel_regularizer": null, "bias_initializer": {"class_name": "Zeros", "config": {}}, "units": 3, "use_bias": true, "activity_regularizer": null}}], "backend": "tensorflow"}
$$
::json, -- JSON blob
NULL, -- Weights
'Sophie', -- Name
'A simple model' -- Descr
);
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS iris_model, iris_model_summary;
SELECT madlib.madlib_keras_fit('iris_train_packed', -- source table
'iris_model', -- model output table
'model_arch_library', -- model arch table
1, -- model arch id
$$ loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy'] $$, -- compile_params
$$ batch_size=5, epochs=3 $$, -- fit_params
10 -- num_iterations
);
SELECT * FROM iris_model_summary;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
source_table | iris_train_packed
model | iris_model
dependent_varname | class_text
independent_varname | attributes
model_arch_table | model_arch_library
model_arch_id | 1
compile_params | loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy']
fit_params | batch_size=5, epochs=3
num_iterations | 10
validation_table |
metrics_compute_frequency | 10
name |
description |
model_type | madlib_keras
model_size | 0.7900390625
start_training_time | 2019-06-05 20:55:15.785034
end_training_time | 2019-06-05 20:55:25.373035
metrics_elapsed_time | {9.58799290657043}
madlib_version | 1.16
num_classes | 3
class_values | {Iris-setosa,Iris-versicolor,Iris-virginica}
dependent_vartype | character varying
normalizing_const | 1
metrics_type | {accuracy}
training_metrics_final | 0.766666650772
training_loss_final | 0.721103310585
training_metrics | {0.766666650772095}
training_loss | {0.721103310585022}
validation_metrics_final |
validation_loss_final |
validation_metrics |
validation_loss |
metrics_iters | {10}
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS iris_validate;
SELECT madlib.madlib_keras_evaluate('iris_model', -- model
'iris_test_packed', -- test table
'iris_validate' -- output table
);
SELECT * FROM iris_validate;
loss | metric | metrics_type
-------------------+-------------------+--------------
0.719491899013519 | 0.800000011920929 | {accuracy}
(1 row)
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS iris_predict;
SELECT madlib.madlib_keras_predict('iris_model', -- model
'iris_test', -- test_table
'id', -- id column
'attributes', -- independent var
'iris_predict' -- output table
);
SELECT * FROM iris_predict ORDER BY id;
id | estimated_class_text -----+---------------------- 4 | Iris-setosa 6 | Iris-setosa 8 | Iris-setosa 12 | Iris-setosa 13 | Iris-setosa 15 | Iris-setosa 24 | Iris-setosa 30 | Iris-setosa 38 | Iris-setosa 49 | Iris-setosa 60 | Iris-virginica 68 | Iris-versicolor 69 | Iris-versicolor 76 | Iris-versicolor 78 | Iris-versicolor 81 | Iris-versicolor 85 | Iris-virginica 90 | Iris-versicolor 91 | Iris-versicolor 94 | Iris-virginica 104 | Iris-virginica 106 | Iris-versicolor 107 | Iris-virginica 110 | Iris-virginica 119 | Iris-versicolor 127 | Iris-virginica 129 | Iris-virginica 134 | Iris-versicolor 139 | Iris-virginica 144 | Iris-virginica (30 rows)Count missclassifications:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM iris_predict JOIN iris_test USING (id) WHERE iris_predict.estimated_class_text != iris_test.class_text;
count
-------+
6
(1 row)
Percent missclassifications:
SELECT round(count(*)*100/(150*0.2),2) as test_accuracy_percent from
(select iris_test.class_text as actual, iris_predict.estimated_class_text as estimated
from iris_predict inner join iris_test
on iris_test.id=iris_predict.id) q
WHERE q.actual=q.estimated;
test_accuracy_percent
-----------------------+
80.00
(1 row)
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS iris_model, iris_model_summary;
SELECT madlib.madlib_keras_fit('iris_train_packed', -- source table
'iris_model', -- model output table
'model_arch_library', -- model arch table
1, -- model arch id
$$ loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy'] $$, -- compile_params
$$ batch_size=5, epochs=3 $$, -- fit_params
10, -- num_iterations
0, -- GPUs per host
'iris_test_packed', -- validation dataset
3, -- metrics compute frequency
FALSE, -- warm start
'Sophie L.', -- name
'Simple MLP for iris dataset' -- description
);
SELECT * FROM iris_model_summary;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
source_table | iris_train_packed
model | iris_model
dependent_varname | class_text
independent_varname | attributes
model_arch_table | model_arch_library
model_arch_id | 1
compile_params | loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy']
fit_params | batch_size=5, epochs=3
num_iterations | 10
validation_table | iris_test_packed
metrics_compute_frequency | 3
name | Sophie L.
description | Simple MLP for iris dataset
model_type | madlib_keras
model_size | 0.7900390625
start_training_time | 2019-06-05 20:58:23.224629
end_training_time | 2019-06-05 20:58:35.477499
metrics_elapsed_time | {4.69859290122986,8.2062520980835,10.8104848861694,12.2528700828552}
madlib_version | 1.16
num_classes | 3
class_values | {Iris-setosa,Iris-versicolor,Iris-virginica}
dependent_vartype | character varying
normalizing_const | 1
metrics_type | {accuracy}
training_metrics_final | 0.941666662693
training_loss_final | 0.40586027503
training_metrics | {0.699999988079071,0.800000011920929,0.899999976158142,0.941666662693024}
training_loss | {0.825238645076752,0.534248650074005,0.427499741315842,0.405860275030136}
validation_metrics_final | 0.866666674614
validation_loss_final | 0.409001916647
validation_metrics | {0.733333349227905,0.733333349227905,0.866666674613953,0.866666674613953}
validation_loss | {0.827081918716431,0.536275088787079,0.431326270103455,0.409001916646957}
metrics_iters | {3,6,9,10}
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS iris_predict;
SELECT madlib.madlib_keras_predict('iris_model', -- model
'iris_test', -- test_table
'id', -- id column
'attributes', -- independent var
'iris_predict', -- output table
'prob' -- response type
);
SELECT * FROM iris_predict ORDER BY id;
id | prob_Iris-setosa | prob_Iris-versicolor | prob_Iris-virginica -----+------------------+----------------------+--------------------- 4 | 0.9241953 | 0.059390426 | 0.01641435 6 | 0.9657151 | 0.02809224 | 0.0061926916 8 | 0.9543316 | 0.03670931 | 0.008959154 12 | 0.93851465 | 0.048681837 | 0.012803554 13 | 0.93832576 | 0.04893658 | 0.012737647 15 | 0.98717564 | 0.01091238 | 0.0019119986 24 | 0.9240628 | 0.060805064 | 0.015132156 30 | 0.92063266 | 0.062279057 | 0.017088294 38 | 0.9353765 | 0.051353406 | 0.013270103 49 | 0.9709265 | 0.023811856 | 0.005261566 60 | 0.034395564 | 0.5260507 | 0.43955377 68 | 0.031360663 | 0.53689945 | 0.43173987 69 | 0.0098787155 | 0.46121457 | 0.52890676 76 | 0.031186827 | 0.5644549 | 0.40435827 78 | 0.00982633 | 0.48929632 | 0.5008774 81 | 0.03658528 | 0.53248984 | 0.4309249 85 | 0.015423619 | 0.48452598 | 0.5000504 90 | 0.026857043 | 0.5155698 | 0.45757324 91 | 0.013675574 | 0.47155368 | 0.5147708 94 | 0.073440716 | 0.5418821 | 0.3846772 104 | 0.0021637122 | 0.3680499 | 0.62978643 106 | 0.00052832486 | 0.30891812 | 0.6905536 107 | 0.007315576 | 0.40949163 | 0.5831927 110 | 0.0022259138 | 0.4058138 | 0.59196025 119 | 0.00018505375 | 0.24510723 | 0.7547077 127 | 0.009542585 | 0.46958733 | 0.52087003 129 | 0.0019719477 | 0.36288205 | 0.635146 134 | 0.0056418083 | 0.43401477 | 0.56034344 139 | 0.01067015 | 0.4755573 | 0.51377255 144 | 0.0018909549 | 0.37689638 | 0.6212126 (30 rows)
SELECT madlib.madlib_keras_fit('iris_train_packed', -- source table
'iris_model', -- model output table
'model_arch_library', -- model arch table
1, -- model arch id
$$ loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy'] $$, -- compile_params
$$ batch_size=5, epochs=3 $$, -- fit_params
5, -- num_iterations
0, -- GPUs per host
'iris_test_packed', -- validation dataset
1, -- metrics compute frequency
TRUE, -- warm start
'Sophie L.', -- name
'Simple MLP for iris dataset' -- description
);
SELECT * FROM iris_model_summary;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
source_table | iris_train_packed
model | iris_model
dependent_varname | class_text
independent_varname | attributes
model_arch_table | model_arch_library
model_arch_id | 1
compile_params | loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy']
fit_params | batch_size=5, epochs=3
num_iterations | 5
validation_table | iris_test_packed
metrics_compute_frequency | 1
name | Sophie L.
description | Simple MLP for iris dataset
model_type | madlib_keras
model_size | 0.7900390625
start_training_time | 2019-06-05 20:59:43.971792
end_training_time | 2019-06-05 20:59:51.654586
metrics_elapsed_time | {2.89326310157776,4.14273309707642,5.24781513214111,6.34498596191406,7.68279695510864}
madlib_version | 1.16
num_classes | 3
class_values | {Iris-setosa,Iris-versicolor,Iris-virginica}
dependent_vartype | character varying
normalizing_const | 1
metrics_type | {accuracy}
training_metrics_final | 0.933333337307
training_loss_final | 0.334455043077
training_metrics | {0.933333337306976,0.933333337306976,0.975000023841858,0.975000023841858,0.933333337306976}
training_loss | {0.386842548847198,0.370587915182114,0.357161343097687,0.344598710536957,0.334455043077469}
validation_metrics_final | 0.866666674614
validation_loss_final | 0.34414178133
validation_metrics | {0.866666674613953,0.866666674613953,0.933333337306976,0.866666674613953,0.866666674613953}
validation_loss | {0.391442179679871,0.376414686441422,0.362262904644012,0.351912915706635,0.344141781330109}
metrics_iters | {1,2,3,4,5}
Note that the loss and accuracy values pick up from where the previous run left off.Here we want to start with initial weights from a pre-trained model rather than training from scratch. We also want to use a model architecture with the earlier feature layer(s) frozen to save on training time. The example below is somewhat contrived but gives you the idea of the steps.
model_transfer = Sequential() model_transfer.add(Dense(10, activation='relu', input_shape=(4,), trainable=False)) model_transfer.add(Dense(10, activation='relu')) model_transfer.add(Dense(3, activation='softmax')) model_simple.summary()_________________________________________________________________ Layer (type) Output Shape Param # ================================================================= dense_1 (Dense) (None, 10) 50 _________________________________________________________________ dense_2 (Dense) (None, 10) 110 _________________________________________________________________ dense_3 (Dense) (None, 3) 33 ================================================================= Total params: 193 Trainable params: 143 Non-trainable params: 50
Export the model to JSON:
model_simple.to_json()
'{"class_name": "Sequential", "keras_version": "2.1.6", "config": [{"class_name": "Dense", "config": {"kernel_initializer": {"class_name": "VarianceScaling", "config": {"distribution": "uniform", "scale": 1.0, "seed": null, "mode": "fan_avg"}}, "name": "dense_2", "kernel_constraint": null, "bias_regularizer": null, "bias_constraint": null, "dtype": "float32", "activation": "relu", "trainable": false, "kernel_regularizer": null, "bias_initializer": {"class_name": "Zeros", "config": {}}, "units": 10, "batch_input_shape": [null, 4], "use_bias": true, "activity_regularizer": null}}, {"class_name": "Dense", "config": {"kernel_initializer": {"class_name": "VarianceScaling", "config": {"distribution": "uniform", "scale": 1.0, "seed": null, "mode": "fan_avg"}}, "name": "dense_3", "kernel_constraint": null, "bias_regularizer": null, "bias_constraint": null, "activation": "relu", "trainable": true, "kernel_regularizer": null, "bias_initializer": {"class_name": "Zeros", "config": {}}, "units": 10, "use_bias": true, "activity_regularizer": null}}, {"class_name": "Dense", "config": {"kernel_initializer": {"class_name": "VarianceScaling", "config": {"distribution": "uniform", "scale": 1.0, "seed": null, "mode": "fan_avg"}}, "name": "dense_4", "kernel_constraint": null, "bias_regularizer": null, "bias_constraint": null, "activation": "softmax", "trainable": true, "kernel_regularizer": null, "bias_initializer": {"class_name": "Zeros", "config": {}}, "units": 3, "use_bias": true, "activity_regularizer": null}}], "backend": "tensorflow"}'
Load into model architecture table:
SELECT madlib.load_keras_model('model_arch_library', -- Output table,
$$
{"class_name": "Sequential", "keras_version": "2.1.6", "config": [{"class_name": "Dense", "config": {"kernel_initializer": {"class_name": "VarianceScaling", "config": {"distribution": "uniform", "scale": 1.0, "seed": null, "mode": "fan_avg"}}, "name": "dense_2", "kernel_constraint": null, "bias_regularizer": null, "bias_constraint": null, "dtype": "float32", "activation": "relu", "trainable": false, "kernel_regularizer": null, "bias_initializer": {"class_name": "Zeros", "config": {}}, "units": 10, "batch_input_shape": [null, 4], "use_bias": true, "activity_regularizer": null}}, {"class_name": "Dense", "config": {"kernel_initializer": {"class_name": "VarianceScaling", "config": {"distribution": "uniform", "scale": 1.0, "seed": null, "mode": "fan_avg"}}, "name": "dense_3", "kernel_constraint": null, "bias_regularizer": null, "bias_constraint": null, "activation": "relu", "trainable": true, "kernel_regularizer": null, "bias_initializer": {"class_name": "Zeros", "config": {}}, "units": 10, "use_bias": true, "activity_regularizer": null}}, {"class_name": "Dense", "config": {"kernel_initializer": {"class_name": "VarianceScaling", "config": {"distribution": "uniform", "scale": 1.0, "seed": null, "mode": "fan_avg"}}, "name": "dense_4", "kernel_constraint": null, "bias_regularizer": null, "bias_constraint": null, "activation": "softmax", "trainable": true, "kernel_regularizer": null, "bias_initializer": {"class_name": "Zeros", "config": {}}, "units": 3, "use_bias": true, "activity_regularizer": null}}], "backend": "tensorflow"}
$$
::json, -- JSON blob
NULL, -- Weights
'Maria', -- Name
'A transfer model' -- Descr
);
Fetch the weights from a previous MADlib run. (Normally these would be downloaded from a source that trained the same model architecture on a related dataset.)
UPDATE model_arch_library SET model_weights = model_data FROM iris_model WHERE model_id = 2;
Now train the model using the transfer model and the pre-trained weights:
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS iris_model, iris_model_summary;
SELECT madlib.madlib_keras_fit('iris_train_packed', -- source table
'iris_model', -- model output table
'model_arch_library', -- model arch table
2, -- model arch id
$$ loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy'] $$, -- compile_params
$$ batch_size=5, epochs=3 $$, -- fit_params
10 -- num_iterations
);
SELECT * FROM iris_model_summary;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
source_table | iris_train_packed
model | iris_model
dependent_varname | class_text
independent_varname | attributes
model_arch_table | model_arch_library
model_arch_id | 2
compile_params | loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy']
fit_params | batch_size=5, epochs=3
num_iterations | 10
validation_table |
metrics_compute_frequency | 10
name |
description |
model_type | madlib_keras
model_size | 0.7900390625
start_training_time | 2019-06-05 21:01:03.998422
end_training_time | 2019-06-05 21:01:13.525838
metrics_elapsed_time | {9.52741599082947}
madlib_version | 1.16
num_classes | 3
class_values | {Iris-setosa,Iris-versicolor,Iris-virginica}
dependent_vartype | character varying
normalizing_const | 1
metrics_type | {accuracy}
training_metrics_final | 0.975000023842
training_loss_final | 0.245171800256
training_metrics | {0.975000023841858}
training_loss | {0.245171800255775}
validation_metrics_final |
validation_loss_final |
validation_metrics |
validation_loss |
metrics_iters | {10}
For an introduction to deep learning foundations, including MLP and CNN, refer to [6].
[2] https://www.tensorflow.org/
[3] "Neural Networks for Machine Learning", Lectures 6a and 6b on mini-batch gradient descent, Geoffrey Hinton with Nitish Srivastava and Kevin Swersky, http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~tijmen/csc321/slides/lecture_slides_lec6.pdf
[4] https://keras.io/models/model/
[5] Deep learning section of Apache MADlib wiki, https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/MADLIB/Deep+Learning
[6] Deep Learning, Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville, MIT Press, 2016.
File madlib_keras.sql_in documenting the training, evaluate and predict functions.
1.8.5