/**
    * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
    * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
    * distributed with this work for additional information
    * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
    * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
    * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
    * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
   *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  package org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util;
  
  import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
  import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
  import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
  
  import java.math.BigDecimal;
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.Collections;
  
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.testclassification.SmallTests;
  import org.junit.Test;
  import org.junit.experimental.categories.Category;
  
  @Category(SmallTests.class)
  public class TestOrderedBytes {
  
    // integer constants for testing Numeric code paths
    static final Long[] I_VALS =
      { 0L, 1L, 10L, 99L, 100L, 1234L, 9999L, 10000L, 10001L, 12345L, 123450L, Long.MAX_VALUE,
        -1L, -10L, -99L, -100L, -123L, -999L, -10000L, -10001L, -12345L, -123450L, Long.MIN_VALUE };
    static final int[] I_LENGTHS =
      { 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 4, 4, 4, 11, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 4, 4, 4, 11 };
  
    // real constants for testing Numeric code paths
    static final Double[] D_VALS =
      { 0.0, 0.00123, 0.0123, 0.123, 1.0, 10.0, 12.345, 99.0, 99.01, 99.0001, 100.0, 100.01,
        100.1, 1234.0, 1234.5, 9999.0, 9999.000001, 9999.000009, 9999.00001, 9999.00009,
        9999.000099, 9999.0001, 9999.001, 9999.01, 9999.1, 10000.0, 10001.0, 12345.0, 123450.0,
        Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, Double.NaN, Double.MAX_VALUE,
        -0.00123, -0.0123, -0.123, -1.0, -10.0, -12.345, -99.0, -99.01, -99.0001, -100.0, -100.01,
        -100.1, -1234.0, -1234.5, -9999.0, -9999.000001, -9999.000009, -9999.00001, -9999.00009,
        -9999.000099, -9999.0001, -9999.001, -9999.01, -9999.1, -10000.0, -10001.0, -12345.0,
        -123450.0 };
    static final int[] D_LENGTHS =
      { 1, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 4, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4,
        4, 3, 4, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6,
        6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4,
        1, 1, 1, 11,
        4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 4, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4,
        4, 3, 4, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6,
        6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4,
        4 };
  
    // fill in other gaps in Numeric code paths
    static final BigDecimal[] BD_VALS =
      { null, BigDecimal.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE), BigDecimal.valueOf(Long.MIN_VALUE),
        BigDecimal.valueOf(Double.MAX_VALUE), BigDecimal.valueOf(Double.MIN_VALUE),
        BigDecimal.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE).multiply(BigDecimal.valueOf(100)) };
    static final int[] BD_LENGTHS =
      { 1, 11, 11, 11, 4, 12 };
  
    /*
     * This is the smallest difference between two doubles in D_VALS
     */
    static final double MIN_EPSILON = 0.000001;
  
    /**
     * Expected lengths of equivalent values should match
     */
    @Test
    public void testVerifyTestIntegrity() {
      for (int i = 0; i < I_VALS.length; i++) {
        for (int d = 0; d < D_VALS.length; d++) {
          if (Math.abs(I_VALS[i] - D_VALS[d]) < MIN_EPSILON) {
            assertEquals(
              "Test inconsistency detected: expected lengths for " + I_VALS[i] + " do not match.",
              I_LENGTHS[i], D_LENGTHS[d]);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  
    /**
     * Tests the variable uint64 encoding.
     * <p>
     * Building sqlite4 with -DVARINT_TOOL provides this reference:<br />
     * <code>$ ./varint_tool 240 2287 67823 16777215 4294967295 1099511627775
     *   281474976710655 72057594037927935 18446744073709551615<br />
     * 240 = f0<br />
     * 2287 = f8ff<br />
     * 67823 = f9ffff<br />
    * 16777215 = faffffff<br />
    * 4294967295 = fbffffffff<br />
    * 1099511627775 = fcffffffffff<br />
    * 281474976710655 = fdffffffffffff<br />
    * 72057594037927935 = feffffffffffffff<br />
    * 9223372036854775807 = ff7fffffffffffffff (Long.MAX_VAL)<br />
    * 9223372036854775808 = ff8000000000000000 (Long.MIN_VAL)<br />
    * 18446744073709551615 = ffffffffffffffffff<br /></code>
    * </p>
    */
   @Test
   public void testVaruint64Boundaries() {
     long vals[] =
         { 239L, 240L, 2286L, 2287L, 67822L, 67823L, 16777214L, 16777215L, 4294967294L, 4294967295L,
           1099511627774L, 1099511627775L, 281474976710654L, 281474976710655L, 72057594037927934L,
           72057594037927935L, Long.MAX_VALUE - 1, Long.MAX_VALUE, Long.MIN_VALUE + 1,
           Long.MIN_VALUE, -2L, -1L };
     int lens[] = { 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9 };
     assertEquals("Broken test!", vals.length, lens.length);
 
     /*
      * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
      * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
      */
     for (boolean comp : new boolean[] { true, false }) {
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         // allocate a buffer 2-bytes larger than necessary and place our range over the center.
         byte[] a = new byte[lens[i] + 2];
         PositionedByteRange buf = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1, lens[i]);
 
         // verify encode
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           lens[i], OrderedBytes.putVaruint64(buf, vals[i], comp));
         assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", lens[i], buf.getPosition());
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
         assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
 
         // verify skip
         buf.setPosition(0);
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           lens[i], OrderedBytes.skipVaruint64(buf, comp));
         assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", lens[i], buf.getPosition());
 
         // verify decode
         buf.setPosition(0);
         assertEquals("Deserialization failed.", vals[i], OrderedBytes.getVaruint64(buf, comp));
         assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", lens[i], buf.getPosition());
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Test integer encoding. Example input values come from reference wiki
    * page.
    */
   @Test
   public void testNumericInt() {
     /*
      * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
      * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       for (int i = 0; i < I_VALS.length; i++) {
         // allocate a buffer 3-bytes larger than necessary to detect over/underflow
         byte[] a = new byte[I_LENGTHS[i] + 3];
         PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1, I_LENGTHS[i] + 1);
         buf1.setPosition(1);
 
         // verify encode
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           I_LENGTHS[i], OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buf1, I_VALS[i], ord));
         assertEquals("Broken test: serialization did not consume entire buffer.",
           buf1.getLength(), buf1.getPosition());
         assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", I_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition() - 1);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[1]);
         assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
 
         // verify skip
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.", I_LENGTHS[i], OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", I_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition() - 1);
 
         // verify decode
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
           I_VALS[i].longValue(), OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsLong(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", I_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition() - 1);
       }
     }
 
     /*
      * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       byte[][] encoded = new byte[I_VALS.length][];
       PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange();
       for (int i = 0; i < I_VALS.length; i++) {
         encoded[i] = new byte[I_LENGTHS[i]];
         OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(pbr.set(encoded[i]), I_VALS[i], ord);
       }
 
       Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
       Long[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(I_VALS, I_VALS.length);
       if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
       else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
 
       for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
         pbr.set(encoded[i]);
         long decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsLong(pbr);
         assertEquals(
           String.format(
             "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
             sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
           sortedVals[i].longValue(), decoded);
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Test real encoding. Example input values come from reference wiki page.
    */
   @Test
   public void testNumericReal() {
     /*
      * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
      * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       for (int i = 0; i < D_VALS.length; i++) {
         // allocate a buffer 3-bytes larger than necessary to detect over/underflow
         byte[] a = new byte[D_LENGTHS[i] + 3];
         PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1, D_LENGTHS[i] + 1);
         buf1.setPosition(1);
 
         // verify encode
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           D_LENGTHS[i], OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buf1, D_VALS[i], ord));
         assertEquals("Broken test: serialization did not consume entire buffer.",
           buf1.getLength(), buf1.getPosition());
         assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", D_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition() - 1);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[1]);
         assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
 
         // verify skip
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.", D_LENGTHS[i], OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", D_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition() - 1);
 
         // verify decode
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
           D_VALS[i].doubleValue(), OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsDouble(buf1), MIN_EPSILON);
         assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", D_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition() - 1);
       }
     }
 
     /*
      * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       byte[][] encoded = new byte[D_VALS.length][];
       PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange();
       for (int i = 0; i < D_VALS.length; i++) {
         encoded[i] = new byte[D_LENGTHS[i]];
         OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(pbr.set(encoded[i]), D_VALS[i], ord);
       }
 
       Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
       Double[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(D_VALS, D_VALS.length);
       if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
       else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
 
       for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
         pbr.set(encoded[i]);
         double decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsDouble(pbr);
         assertEquals(
           String.format(
             "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
             sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
             sortedVals[i].doubleValue(), decoded, MIN_EPSILON);
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Fill gaps in Numeric encoding testing.
    */
   @Test
   public void testNumericOther() {
     /*
      * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
      * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       for (int i = 0; i < BD_VALS.length; i++) {
         // allocate a buffer 3-bytes larger than necessary to detect over/underflow
         byte[] a = new byte[BD_LENGTHS[i] + 3];
         PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1, BD_LENGTHS[i] + 1);
         buf1.setPosition(1);
 
         // verify encode
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           BD_LENGTHS[i], OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buf1, BD_VALS[i], ord));
         assertEquals("Broken test: serialization did not consume entire buffer.",
           buf1.getLength(), buf1.getPosition());
         assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", BD_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition() - 1);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[1]);
         assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
 
         // verify skip
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.", BD_LENGTHS[i], OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", BD_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition() - 1);
 
         // verify decode
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         BigDecimal decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsBigDecimal(buf1);
         if (null == BD_VALS[i]) {
           assertEquals(BD_VALS[i], decoded);
         } else {
           assertEquals("Deserialization failed.", 0, BD_VALS[i].compareTo(decoded));
         }
         assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", BD_LENGTHS[i], buf1.getPosition() - 1);
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Verify Real and Int encodings are compatible.
    */
   @Test
   public void testNumericIntRealCompatibility() {
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       for (int i = 0; i < I_VALS.length; i++) {
         // verify primitives
         PositionedByteRange pbri = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(I_LENGTHS[i]);
         PositionedByteRange pbrr = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(I_LENGTHS[i]);
         OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(pbri, I_VALS[i], ord);
         OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(pbrr, I_VALS[i], ord);
         assertArrayEquals("Integer and real encodings differ.", pbri.getBytes(), pbrr.getBytes());
         pbri.setPosition(0);
         pbrr.setPosition(0);
         assertEquals((long) I_VALS[i], OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsLong(pbri));
         assertEquals((long) I_VALS[i], (long) OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsDouble(pbrr));
 
         // verify BigDecimal for Real encoding
         BigDecimal bd = BigDecimal.valueOf(I_VALS[i]);
         PositionedByteRange pbrbd = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(I_LENGTHS[i]);
         OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(pbrbd, bd, ord);
         assertArrayEquals("Integer and BigDecimal encodings differ.",
           pbri.getBytes(), pbrbd.getBytes());
         pbri.setPosition(0);
         assertEquals("Value not preserved when decoding as Long",
           0, bd.compareTo(BigDecimal.valueOf(OrderedBytes.decodeNumericAsLong(pbri))));
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Test int8 encoding.
    */
   @Test
   public void testInt8() {
     Byte[] vals =
       { Byte.MIN_VALUE, Byte.MIN_VALUE / 2, 0, Byte.MAX_VALUE / 2, Byte.MAX_VALUE };
 
     /*
      * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
      * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         // allocate a buffer 3-bytes larger than necessary to detect over/underflow
         byte[] a = new byte[2 + 3];
         PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1, 2 + 1);
         buf1.setPosition(1);
 
         // verify encode
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           2, OrderedBytes.encodeInt8(buf1, vals[i], ord));
         assertEquals("Broken test: serialization did not consume entire buffer.",
           buf1.getLength(), buf1.getPosition());
         assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", 2, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[1]);
         assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
 
         // verify skip
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.", 2, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", 2, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
 
         // verify decode
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
           vals[i].byteValue(), OrderedBytes.decodeInt8(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", 2, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
       }
     }
 
     /*
      * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][2];
       PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange();
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         OrderedBytes.encodeInt8(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
       }
 
       Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
       Byte[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
       if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
       else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
 
       for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
         int decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeInt8(pbr.set(encoded[i]));
         assertEquals(
           String.format(
             "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
             sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
             sortedVals[i].byteValue(), decoded);
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Test int16 encoding.
    */
   @Test
   public void testInt16() {
     Short[] vals =
       { Short.MIN_VALUE, Short.MIN_VALUE / 2, 0, Short.MAX_VALUE / 2, Short.MAX_VALUE };
 
     /*
      * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
      * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         // allocate a buffer 3-bytes larger than necessary to detect over/underflow
         byte[] a = new byte[3 + 3];
         PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1, 3 + 1);
         buf1.setPosition(1);
 
         // verify encode
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           3, OrderedBytes.encodeInt16(buf1, vals[i], ord));
         assertEquals("Broken test: serialization did not consume entire buffer.",
           buf1.getLength(), buf1.getPosition());
         assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", 3, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[1]);
         assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
 
         // verify skip
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.", 3, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", 3, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
 
         // verify decode
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
           vals[i].shortValue(), OrderedBytes.decodeInt16(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", 3, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
       }
     }
 
     /*
      * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][3];
       PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange();
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         OrderedBytes.encodeInt16(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
       }
 
       Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
       Short[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
       if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
       else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
 
       for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
         int decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeInt16(pbr.set(encoded[i]));
         assertEquals(
           String.format(
             "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
             sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
             sortedVals[i].shortValue(), decoded);
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Test int32 encoding.
    */
   @Test
   public void testInt32() {
     Integer[] vals =
       { Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE / 2, 0, Integer.MAX_VALUE / 2, Integer.MAX_VALUE };
 
     /*
      * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
      * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         // allocate a buffer 3-bytes larger than necessary to detect over/underflow
         byte[] a = new byte[5 + 3];
         PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1, 5 + 1);
         buf1.setPosition(1);
 
         // verify encode
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           5, OrderedBytes.encodeInt32(buf1, vals[i], ord));
         assertEquals("Broken test: serialization did not consume entire buffer.",
           buf1.getLength(), buf1.getPosition());
         assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", 5, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[1]);
         assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
 
         // verify skip
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.", 5, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", 5, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
 
         // verify decode
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
           vals[i].intValue(), OrderedBytes.decodeInt32(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", 5, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
       }
     }
 
     /*
      * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][5];
       PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange();
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         OrderedBytes.encodeInt32(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
       }
 
       Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
       Integer[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
       if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
       else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
 
       for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
         int decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeInt32(pbr.set(encoded[i]));
         assertEquals(
           String.format(
             "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
             sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
             sortedVals[i].intValue(), decoded);
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Test int64 encoding.
    */
   @Test
   public void testInt64() {
     Long[] vals = { Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MIN_VALUE / 2, 0L, Long.MAX_VALUE / 2, Long.MAX_VALUE };
 
     /*
      * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
      * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         // allocate a buffer 3-bytes larger than necessary to detect over/underflow
         byte[] a = new byte[9 + 3];
         PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1, 9 + 1);
         buf1.setPosition(1);
 
         // verify encode
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           9, OrderedBytes.encodeInt64(buf1, vals[i], ord));
         assertEquals("Broken test: serialization did not consume entire buffer.",
           buf1.getLength(), buf1.getPosition());
         assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", 9, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[1]);
         assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
 
         // verify skip
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.", 9, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", 9, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
 
         // verify decode
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
           vals[i].longValue(), OrderedBytes.decodeInt64(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", 9, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
       }
     }
 
     /*
      * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][9];
       PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange();
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         OrderedBytes.encodeInt64(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
       }
 
       Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
       Long[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
       if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
       else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
 
       for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
         long decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeInt64(pbr.set(encoded[i]));
         assertEquals(
           String.format(
             "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
             sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
             sortedVals[i].longValue(), decoded);
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Test float32 encoding.
    */
   @Test
   public void testFloat32() {
     Float[] vals =
       { Float.MIN_VALUE, Float.MIN_VALUE + 1.0f, 0.0f, Float.MAX_VALUE / 2.0f, Float.MAX_VALUE };
 
     /*
      * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
      * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         // allocate a buffer 3-bytes larger than necessary to detect over/underflow
         byte[] a = new byte[5 + 3];
         PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1, 5 + 1);
         buf1.setPosition(1);
 
         // verify encode
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           5, OrderedBytes.encodeFloat32(buf1, vals[i], ord));
         assertEquals("Broken test: serialization did not consume entire buffer.",
           buf1.getLength(), buf1.getPosition());
         assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", 5, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[1]);
         assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
 
         // verify skip
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.", 5, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", 5, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
 
         // verify decode
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
           Float.floatToIntBits(vals[i].floatValue()),
           Float.floatToIntBits(OrderedBytes.decodeFloat32(buf1)));
         assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", 5, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
       }
     }
 
     /*
      * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][5];
       PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange();
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         OrderedBytes.encodeFloat32(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
       }
 
       Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
       Float[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
       if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
       else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
 
       for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
         float decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeFloat32(pbr.set(encoded[i]));
         assertEquals(
           String.format(
             "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
             sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
             Float.floatToIntBits(sortedVals[i].floatValue()),
             Float.floatToIntBits(decoded));
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Test float64 encoding.
    */
   @Test
   public void testFloat64() {
     Double[] vals =
       { Double.MIN_VALUE, Double.MIN_VALUE + 1.0, 0.0, Double.MAX_VALUE / 2.0, Double.MAX_VALUE };
 
     /*
      * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
      * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         // allocate a buffer 3-bytes larger than necessary to detect over/underflow
         byte[] a = new byte[9 + 3];
         PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1, 9 + 1);
         buf1.setPosition(1);
 
         // verify encode
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           9, OrderedBytes.encodeFloat64(buf1, vals[i], ord));
         assertEquals("Broken test: serialization did not consume entire buffer.",
           buf1.getLength(), buf1.getPosition());
         assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", 9, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[1]);
         assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
 
         // verify skip
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.", 9, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", 9, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
 
         // verify decode
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Deserialization failed.",
           Double.doubleToLongBits(vals[i].doubleValue()),
           Double.doubleToLongBits(OrderedBytes.decodeFloat64(buf1)));
         assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", 9, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
       }
     }
 
     /*
      * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][9];
       PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange();
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         OrderedBytes.encodeFloat64(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
       }
 
       Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
       Double[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
       if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
       else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
 
       for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
         double decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeFloat64(pbr.set(encoded[i]));
         assertEquals(
           String.format(
             "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
             sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
             Double.doubleToLongBits(sortedVals[i].doubleValue()),
             Double.doubleToLongBits(decoded));
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Test string encoding.
    */
   @Test
   public void testString() {
     String[] vals = { "foo", "baaaar", "bazz" };
     int expectedLengths[] = { 5, 8, 6 };
 
     /*
      * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
      * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         // allocate a buffer 3-bytes larger than necessary to detect over/underflow
         byte[] a = new byte[expectedLengths[i] + 3];
         PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1,
             expectedLengths[i] + 1);
         buf1.setPosition(1);
 
         // verify encode
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           expectedLengths[i], OrderedBytes.encodeString(buf1, vals[i], ord));
         assertEquals("Broken test: serialization did not consume entire buffer.",
           buf1.getLength(), buf1.getPosition());
         assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", expectedLengths[i], buf1.getPosition() - 1);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[1]);
         assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
 
         // verify skip
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.", expectedLengths[i], OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", expectedLengths[i], buf1.getPosition() - 1);
 
         // verify decode
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Deserialization failed.", vals[i], OrderedBytes.decodeString(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", expectedLengths[i], buf1.getPosition() - 1);
       }
     }
 
     /*
      * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][];
       PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange();
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         encoded[i] = new byte[expectedLengths[i]];
         OrderedBytes.encodeString(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
       }
 
       Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
       String[] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
       if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals);
       else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder());
 
       for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
         pbr.set(encoded[i]);
         String decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeString(pbr);
         assertEquals(
           String.format(
             "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
             sortedVals[i], decoded, ord),
           sortedVals[i], decoded);
       }
     }
   }
 
   @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
   public void testStringNoNullChars() {
     PositionedByteRange buff = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(3);
     OrderedBytes.encodeString(buff, "\u0000", Order.ASCENDING);
   }
 
   /**
    * Test length estimation algorithms for BlobVar encoding. Does not cover
    * 0-length input case properly.
    */
   @Test
   public void testBlobVarLencodedLength() {
     int[][] values = {
         /* decoded length, encoded length
          * ceil((n bytes * 8 bits/input byte) / 7 bits/encoded byte) + 1 header
          */
         { 1, 3 }, { 2, 4 }, { 3, 5 }, { 4, 6 },
         { 5, 7 }, { 6, 8 }, { 7, 9 }, { 8, 11 }
       };
 
     for (int[] pair : values) {
       assertEquals(pair[1], OrderedBytes.blobVarEncodedLength(pair[0]));
       assertEquals(pair[0], OrderedBytes.blobVarDecodedLength(pair[1]));
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Test BlobVar encoding.
    */
   @Test
   public void testBlobVar() {
     byte[][] vals =
       { Bytes.toBytes(""),
         Bytes.toBytes("foo"),
         Bytes.toBytes("foobarbazbub"),
         { (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa,
           (byte) 0xaa, /* 7 bytes of alternating bits; testing around HBASE-9893 */ },
         { (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa,
           (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa },
         { (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa,
           (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa,
           (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, /* 14 bytes of alternating bits; testing around HBASE-9893 */ },
         { (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55,
           (byte) 0x55, /* 7 bytes of alternating bits; testing around HBASE-9893 */ },
         { (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55,
           (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55 },
         { (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55,
           (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55,
           (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, /* 14 bytes of alternating bits; testing around HBASE-9893 */ },
         Bytes.toBytes("1"),
         Bytes.toBytes("22"),
         Bytes.toBytes("333"),
         Bytes.toBytes("4444"),
         Bytes.toBytes("55555"),
         Bytes.toBytes("666666"),
         Bytes.toBytes("7777777"),
         Bytes.toBytes("88888888")
       };
 
     /*
      * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
      * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       for (byte[] val : vals) {
         // allocate a buffer 3-bytes larger than necessary to detect over/underflow
         int expectedLen = OrderedBytes.blobVarEncodedLength(val.length);
         byte[] a = new byte[expectedLen + 3];
         PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1, expectedLen + 1);
         buf1.setPosition(1);
 
         // verify encode
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           expectedLen, OrderedBytes.encodeBlobVar(buf1, val, ord));
         assertEquals("Broken test: serialization did not consume entire buffer.",
           buf1.getLength(), buf1.getPosition());
         assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", expectedLen, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[1]);
         assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
 
         // verify skip
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.", expectedLen, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", expectedLen, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
 
         // verify decode
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertArrayEquals("Deserialization failed.", val, OrderedBytes.decodeBlobVar(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", expectedLen, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
       }
     }
 
     /*
      * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][];
       PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange();
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         encoded[i] = new byte[OrderedBytes.blobVarEncodedLength(vals[i].length)];
         OrderedBytes.encodeBlobVar(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
       }
 
       Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
       byte[][] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
       if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
       else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR));
 
       for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
         pbr.set(encoded[i]);
         byte[] decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeBlobVar(pbr);
         assertArrayEquals(
           String.format(
             "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
             Arrays.toString(sortedVals[i]), Arrays.toString(decoded), ord),
           sortedVals[i], decoded);
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Test BlobCopy encoding.
    */
   @Test
   public void testBlobCopy() {
     byte[][] vals =
       { Bytes.toBytes(""),
         Bytes.toBytes("foo"),
         Bytes.toBytes("foobarbazbub"),
         { (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa,
           (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa, (byte) 0xaa },
         { (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55,
           (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55, (byte) 0x55 },
       };
 
     /*
      * assert encoded values match decoded values. encode into target buffer
      * starting at an offset to detect over/underflow conditions.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       for (byte[] val : vals) {
         // allocate a buffer 3-bytes larger than necessary to detect over/underflow
         int expectedLen = val.length + (Order.ASCENDING == ord ? 1 : 2);
         byte[] a = new byte[expectedLen + 3];
         PositionedByteRange buf1 = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1, expectedLen + 1);
         buf1.setPosition(1);
 
         // verify encode
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.",
           expectedLen, OrderedBytes.encodeBlobCopy(buf1, val, ord));
         assertEquals("Broken test: serialization did not consume entire buffer.",
           buf1.getLength(), buf1.getPosition());
         assertEquals("Surprising serialized length.", expectedLen, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[0]);
         assertEquals("Buffer underflow.", 0, a[1]);
         assertEquals("Buffer overflow.", 0, a[a.length - 1]);
 
         // verify skip
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertEquals("Surprising return value.", expectedLen, OrderedBytes.skip(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not skip enough bytes.", expectedLen, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
 
         // verify decode
         buf1.setPosition(1);
         assertArrayEquals("Deserialization failed.", val, OrderedBytes.decodeBlobCopy(buf1));
         assertEquals("Did not consume enough bytes.", expectedLen, buf1.getPosition() - 1);
       }
     }
 
     /*
      * assert natural sort order is preserved by the codec.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       byte[][] encoded = new byte[vals.length][];
       PositionedByteRange pbr = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange();
       for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
         encoded[i] = new byte[vals[i].length + (Order.ASCENDING == ord ? 1 : 2)];
         OrderedBytes.encodeBlobCopy(pbr.set(encoded[i]), vals[i], ord);
       }
 
       Arrays.sort(encoded, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
       byte[][] sortedVals = Arrays.copyOf(vals, vals.length);
       if (ord == Order.ASCENDING) Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
       else Arrays.sort(sortedVals, Collections.reverseOrder(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR));
 
       for (int i = 0; i < sortedVals.length; i++) {
         pbr.set(encoded[i]);
         byte[] decoded = OrderedBytes.decodeBlobCopy(pbr);
         assertArrayEquals(
           String.format(
             "Encoded representations do not preserve natural order: <%s>, <%s>, %s",
             Arrays.toString(sortedVals[i]), Arrays.toString(decoded), ord),
           sortedVals[i], decoded);
       }
     }
 
     /*
      * assert byte[] segments are serialized correctly.
      */
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       byte[] a = new byte[3 + (Order.ASCENDING == ord ? 1 : 2) + 2];
       PositionedByteRange buf =
           new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(a, 1, 3 + (Order.ASCENDING == ord ? 1 : 2));
       OrderedBytes.encodeBlobCopy(buf, Bytes.toBytes("foobarbaz"), 3, 3, ord);
       buf.setPosition(0);
       assertArrayEquals(Bytes.toBytes("bar"), OrderedBytes.decodeBlobCopy(buf));
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Assert invalid input byte[] are rejected by BlobCopy
    */
   @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
   public void testBlobCopyNoZeroBytes() {
     byte[] val = { 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x03 };
     // TODO: implementation detail leaked here.
     byte[] ascExpected = { 0x38, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x03 };
     PositionedByteRange buf = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(val.length + 1);
     OrderedBytes.encodeBlobCopy(buf, val, Order.ASCENDING);
     assertArrayEquals(ascExpected, buf.getBytes());
     buf.set(val.length + 2);
     OrderedBytes.encodeBlobCopy(buf, val, Order.DESCENDING);
     fail("test should never get here.");
   }
 
   /**
    * Test generic skip logic
    */
   @Test
   public void testSkip() {
     BigDecimal longMax = BigDecimal.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE);
     double negInf = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
     BigDecimal negLarge = longMax.multiply(longMax).negate();
     BigDecimal negMed = new BigDecimal("-10.0");
     BigDecimal negSmall = new BigDecimal("-0.0010");
     long zero = 0l;
     BigDecimal posSmall = negSmall.negate();
     BigDecimal posMed = negMed.negate();
     BigDecimal posLarge = negLarge.negate();
     double posInf = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
     double nan = Double.NaN;
     byte int8 = 100;
     short int16 = 100;
     int int32 = 100;
     long int64 = 100l;
     float float32 = 100.0f;
     double float64 = 100.0d;
     String text = "hello world.";
     byte[] blobVar = Bytes.toBytes("foo");
     byte[] blobCopy = Bytes.toBytes("bar");
 
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       PositionedByteRange buff = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(30);
       int o;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNull(buff, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, negInf, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, negLarge, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, negMed, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, negSmall, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, zero, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, posSmall, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, posMed, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, posLarge, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, posInf, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, nan, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeInt8(buff, int8, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeInt16(buff, int16, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeInt32(buff, int32, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeInt64(buff, int64, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeFloat32(buff, float32, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeFloat64(buff, float64, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeString(buff, text, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       buff.setPosition(0);
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeBlobVar(buff, blobVar, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
 
       // blobCopy is special in that it runs to the end of the target buffer.
       buff.set(blobCopy.length + (Order.ASCENDING == ord ? 1 : 2));
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeBlobCopy(buff, blobCopy, ord);
       buff.setPosition(0);
       assertEquals(o, OrderedBytes.skip(buff));
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Test encoded value check
    */
   @Test
   public void testEncodedValueCheck() {
     BigDecimal longMax = BigDecimal.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE);
     double negInf = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
     BigDecimal negLarge = longMax.multiply(longMax).negate();
     BigDecimal negMed = new BigDecimal("-10.0");
     BigDecimal negSmall = new BigDecimal("-0.0010");
     long zero = 0l;
     BigDecimal posSmall = negSmall.negate();
     BigDecimal posMed = negMed.negate();
     BigDecimal posLarge = negLarge.negate();
     double posInf = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
     double nan = Double.NaN;
     byte int8 = 100;
     short int16 = 100;
     int int32 = 100;
     long int64 = 100l;
     float float32 = 100.0f;
     double float64 = 100.0d;
     String text = "hello world.";
     byte[] blobVar = Bytes.toBytes("foo");
 
     int cnt = 0;
     PositionedByteRange buff = new SimplePositionedMutableByteRange(1024);
     for (Order ord : new Order[] { Order.ASCENDING, Order.DESCENDING }) {
       int o;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNull(buff, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, negInf, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, negLarge, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, negMed, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, negSmall, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, zero, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, posSmall, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, posMed, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, posLarge, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, posInf, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeNumeric(buff, nan, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeInt8(buff, int8, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeInt16(buff, int16, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeInt32(buff, int32, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeInt64(buff, int64, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeFloat32(buff, float32, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeFloat64(buff, float64, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeString(buff, text, ord); cnt++;
       o = OrderedBytes.encodeBlobVar(buff, blobVar, ord); cnt++;
     }
 
     buff.setPosition(0);
     assertEquals(OrderedBytes.length(buff), cnt);
     for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
       assertEquals(true, OrderedBytes.isEncodedValue(buff));
       OrderedBytes.skip(buff);
     }
   }
 }